Correlative conjunctions adalah konjungsi yang dipakai untuk menghubungkan unsur-unsur kalimat antara kata dengan kata, frase dengan frase, dan klausa dengan klausa (seperti halnya coordinating conjunctions).
Konjungsi ini selalu digunakan berpasangan. Unsur-unsur kalimat yang dihubungkan harus mempunyai kedudukan sejajar (parallel) sesuai dengan struktur gramatikal. Jika subjek singular dan plural dihubungkan, maka subjek yang paling dekat akan menentukan apakah verb itu singular atau plural.
Konjungsi yang umumnya digunakan adalah:
- both...and
- either...or
- neither...nor
- not only...but also
- whether...or
Contoh:
-She can both speak and write Japanese.
- Both my sister and my brother play the piano.
- I’m going to buy either a camera or a CD player with the money.
- Either she goes or I go.
- Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor.
- He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.
- He is neither rich nor famous.
- Neither Tom’s mother nor his father spoke English.
- Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.
- She was uncertain whether to stay or leave.
- I didn’t know whether to believe him or not.
Jika menggunakan coorelative conjunctions untuk menghubungkan independent clauses, sebaiknya gunakan tanda baca koma (,) sebelum klausa yang kedua.
- Either Jane will conclude the experiment by April, or she will ask for additional research funds.
- Find out what I'm doing, Follow Me :)
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Minggu, 26 Juni 2011
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions (disebut juga dependent words atau subordinator) adalah konjungsi yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dependent clauses (anak kalimat) dengan independent clauses (induk kalimat).
Konjungsi yang biasa digunakan adalah after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, how, if, if only, in order that, once, provided (that), rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, whether, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while.
Hubungan dependent clause dengan main clause (independent clause) sangat membantu dalam mengungkapkan ide atau gagasan dan relasinya dalam kalimat dan juga untuk menunjukkan tingkat kepentingan antara ide/gagasan yang satu dengan yang lain.
Contoh:
- We didn’t enjoy the day because the weather was so awful.
- Because it was raining, I took my umbrella.
- I’ll start to think about it when I have to write my report.
- I was so tired that I feel asleep.
- Do it before you forget.
- Let us wait until the rain stops.
- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
- If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Subordinating conjunction diletakkan di depan dependent clause. Dan bersama dengan subordinating conjunction, dependent clause dapat diletakkan sebelum main clause (diikuti dengan koma) atau setelah main clause (kadang-kadang menggunakan koma di depannya).
- Although it was hot, he was wearing a coat.
- He was wearing a coat although it was hot.
Beberapa konjungsi menunjukkan makna waktu (time), pilihan (choice), sebab dan alasan (cause and reason), akibat dan hasil (effect and result), pertentangan atau perbedaan (opposition or contrast), tempat (location), dan kondisi (condition):
a. Time: after, before, once, when, whenever, while, since, until
b. Choice: whether, rather than
c. Cause and reason: as, because, since
d. Effect and result: so, so that, in order that, that
e. Opposition or contrast: although, though, even though, whereas, while
f. Location: wherever, where
g. Condition: if, unless, only if, even if, provided (that)
Konjungsi yang biasa digunakan adalah after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, how, if, if only, in order that, once, provided (that), rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, whether, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while.
Hubungan dependent clause dengan main clause (independent clause) sangat membantu dalam mengungkapkan ide atau gagasan dan relasinya dalam kalimat dan juga untuk menunjukkan tingkat kepentingan antara ide/gagasan yang satu dengan yang lain.
Contoh:
- We didn’t enjoy the day because the weather was so awful.
- Because it was raining, I took my umbrella.
- I’ll start to think about it when I have to write my report.
- I was so tired that I feel asleep.
- Do it before you forget.
- Let us wait until the rain stops.
- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
- If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Subordinating conjunction diletakkan di depan dependent clause. Dan bersama dengan subordinating conjunction, dependent clause dapat diletakkan sebelum main clause (diikuti dengan koma) atau setelah main clause (kadang-kadang menggunakan koma di depannya).
- Although it was hot, he was wearing a coat.
- He was wearing a coat although it was hot.
Beberapa konjungsi menunjukkan makna waktu (time), pilihan (choice), sebab dan alasan (cause and reason), akibat dan hasil (effect and result), pertentangan atau perbedaan (opposition or contrast), tempat (location), dan kondisi (condition):
a. Time: after, before, once, when, whenever, while, since, until
b. Choice: whether, rather than
c. Cause and reason: as, because, since
d. Effect and result: so, so that, in order that, that
e. Opposition or contrast: although, though, even though, whereas, while
f. Location: wherever, where
g. Condition: if, unless, only if, even if, provided (that)
Clauses
Clauses atau klausa adalah kelompok kata yang mempunyai unsur subjek dan predikat (verb). Klausa berbeda dengan frase, meskipun sama-sama berupa kumpulan kata, frase tidak memiliki subjek dan predikat.
Klausa, seperti halnya frase, akan memperkaya nilai sebuah tulisan atau komunikasi karena klausa menambah nilai kejelasan dan maksud suatu kalimat. Tidak hanya itu, klausa juga menyatukan ide atau gagasan-gagasan yang saling terkait, sehingga kalimat menjadi lebih terstruktur dan logis.
Ada dua jenis klausa, yaitu independent clauses dan dependent clauses.
Independent clauses adalah suatu kalimat lengkap dan memiliki subjek dan predikat yang menyatakan pokok pikiran yang lengkap. Sedangkan dependent clauses adalah bagian dari kalimat yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.
Contoh:
- I went to the store (independent)
- Because I went to the store (dependent)
- After I went to the store (dependent)
- That is the store (independent)
- But I didn’t buy any bread (dependent)
- That I went to (dependent)
- In the great fire of London in 1666 (dependent)
- Half of London was burnt down (independent)
Contoh independent clauses dan dependent clauses dalam satu kalimat:
- That is the store that I went to.
- I went to the store, but I didn't buy any bread.
- In the great fire of London in 1666, half of London was burnt down.
Klausa, seperti halnya frase, akan memperkaya nilai sebuah tulisan atau komunikasi karena klausa menambah nilai kejelasan dan maksud suatu kalimat. Tidak hanya itu, klausa juga menyatukan ide atau gagasan-gagasan yang saling terkait, sehingga kalimat menjadi lebih terstruktur dan logis.
Ada dua jenis klausa, yaitu independent clauses dan dependent clauses.
Independent clauses adalah suatu kalimat lengkap dan memiliki subjek dan predikat yang menyatakan pokok pikiran yang lengkap. Sedangkan dependent clauses adalah bagian dari kalimat yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.
Contoh:
- I went to the store (independent)
- Because I went to the store (dependent)
- After I went to the store (dependent)
- That is the store (independent)
- But I didn’t buy any bread (dependent)
- That I went to (dependent)
- In the great fire of London in 1666 (dependent)
- Half of London was burnt down (independent)
Contoh independent clauses dan dependent clauses dalam satu kalimat:
- That is the store that I went to.
- I went to the store, but I didn't buy any bread.
- In the great fire of London in 1666, half of London was burnt down.
Independent Clauses
Independent clause, atau bisa juga disebut main clause, adalah kalimat yang mempunyai gagasan atau pokok pikiran yang lengkap (complete thought). Dan memiliki subjek dan predikat (verb) dalam struktur kalimatnya.
Setiap independent clause selalu memiliki pola:
Subject + Verb = Complete Thought
Umumnya kalimat yang sering kita sebut sebagai suatu kalimat yang kita temui sehari-hari dapat disebut sebagai independent clause. Tentu saja, kalimat tersebut harus mempunyai subjek dan predikat yang mengungkapkan gagasan atau pokok pikiran, meskipun dalam bentuk yang sederhana. Kemampuan mengenali dan mengetahui apakah suatu klausa itu independent atau bukan adalah hal yang sangat penting untuk menulis dalam bahasa Inggris dengan baik dan menghindari sentence fragment dan run-on sentences.
Bob didn't mean to do it, but he did it anyway.
Kalimat di atas mempunyai dua independent clauses – “Bob didn’t mean to do it” dan “he did it anyway” – yang dihubungkan dengan tanda baca koma dan coordinating conjunction (but). (Bila kata but tidak disertakan dalam kalimat, maka kalimat tersebut tidak terhubung dengan benar dan mempunyai kesalahan yang biasa disebut dengan istilah comma splice).
Contoh independent clause lainnya:
- I am a bus driver.
- I wanted a new ball.
- Diane kicked the soda machine.
- A giant spider has made its home behind the shampoo bottle in Neil's bathroom.
- Paper, printing and binding may become things of the past.
Ingat, dalam setiap kalimat setidaknya harus ada satu independent clause. Karena klausa ini merupakan komponen utama yang harus ada dalam sebuah kalimat. Tanpa independent clause kalimat menjadi salah (sentence fragment).
Suatu kalimat dapat berisi beberapa unit gramatikal, misalnya participle phrases, prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, appositives, etc. Bagaimanapun juga, keberadaan independent clause dalam kalimat adalah keharusan. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
While dissecting a cow heart in her anatomy and physiology class, Shenicka realized that a Burger King Whopper, her favorite lunch, was no longer appetizing.
Pada kalimat di atas, “Shenicka realized” adalah independent clause.
Setiap independent clause selalu memiliki pola:
Subject + Verb = Complete Thought
Umumnya kalimat yang sering kita sebut sebagai suatu kalimat yang kita temui sehari-hari dapat disebut sebagai independent clause. Tentu saja, kalimat tersebut harus mempunyai subjek dan predikat yang mengungkapkan gagasan atau pokok pikiran, meskipun dalam bentuk yang sederhana. Kemampuan mengenali dan mengetahui apakah suatu klausa itu independent atau bukan adalah hal yang sangat penting untuk menulis dalam bahasa Inggris dengan baik dan menghindari sentence fragment dan run-on sentences.
Bob didn't mean to do it, but he did it anyway.
Kalimat di atas mempunyai dua independent clauses – “Bob didn’t mean to do it” dan “he did it anyway” – yang dihubungkan dengan tanda baca koma dan coordinating conjunction (but). (Bila kata but tidak disertakan dalam kalimat, maka kalimat tersebut tidak terhubung dengan benar dan mempunyai kesalahan yang biasa disebut dengan istilah comma splice).
Contoh independent clause lainnya:
- I am a bus driver.
- I wanted a new ball.
- Diane kicked the soda machine.
- A giant spider has made its home behind the shampoo bottle in Neil's bathroom.
- Paper, printing and binding may become things of the past.
Ingat, dalam setiap kalimat setidaknya harus ada satu independent clause. Karena klausa ini merupakan komponen utama yang harus ada dalam sebuah kalimat. Tanpa independent clause kalimat menjadi salah (sentence fragment).
Suatu kalimat dapat berisi beberapa unit gramatikal, misalnya participle phrases, prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, appositives, etc. Bagaimanapun juga, keberadaan independent clause dalam kalimat adalah keharusan. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
While dissecting a cow heart in her anatomy and physiology class, Shenicka realized that a Burger King Whopper, her favorite lunch, was no longer appetizing.
Pada kalimat di atas, “Shenicka realized” adalah independent clause.
Dependent Clauses
Dependent clause adalah klausa yang memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause atau main clause, tetapi keberadaannya tidak menjadi keharusan dalam melengkapi pokok pikiran kalimat.
Meskipun dependent clause mempunyai subjek dan predikat, tetapi ia tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.
Dependent clause, yang juga dikenal dengan istilah subordinate clause, umumnya diawali dengan dependent word. Salah satu dari dependent word adalah subordinating conjunction. Dan dependent clauses yang diawali subordinating conjunctions biasa disebut adverbial clauses dan berlaku seperti halnya adverbs. Perhatikan contoh berikut (yang bergaris bawah adalah subordinating conjunction):
Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind.
(Adverbial clause wherever she goes menerangkan the verba leaves.)
Bob enjoyed the movie more than I did.
(Adverbial clause than I did menerangkan adverbia more.)
Dependent word lainnya adalah relative pronoun. Dependent clauses yang diawali relative pronouns dikenal sebagai adjective clauses yang berlaku seperti adjektiva, atau noun clauses yang berlaku sebagai nomina. Perhatikan contoh berikut di bawah ini (yang bergaris bawah adalah relative pronoun):
The only one of the seven dwarfs who does not have a beard is Dopey.
(Adjective clause who does not have a beard menerangkan nomina one.)
No one understands why experience is something you don't get until just after you need it.
(Noun clause why experience is something you don't get until just after you need it berfungsi sebagai direct object.)
Jadi, ada tiga jenis dependent clauses, yaitu noun clauses, adjective clauses, dan adverb clauses. Dan masing-masing klausa berbeda penggunaannya dalam kalimat.
Noun clause dalam kalimat berperan sebagai subjek dari verba atau objek dari verba atau preposisi, seperti pada contoh berikut:
- What you say is not as important as how you say it.
- I imagine that they're having a good time.
- I keep thinking about what happened yesterday.
Adjective clause berfungsi menerangkan nomina atau frase nomina dan biasanya terletak sesudahnya.
- The woman I spoke to said otherwise.
- We have to consider the possibility that he's lying to us.
Adverb clause dipakai untuk menerangkan seluruh kalimat (main clause) dan dapat terletak di awal atau di akhir kalimat.
- When she gets here, all will be explained.
- He was annoyed by the whole thing, which was unfortunate, but unavoidable.
Meskipun dependent clause mempunyai subjek dan predikat, tetapi ia tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.
Dependent clause, yang juga dikenal dengan istilah subordinate clause, umumnya diawali dengan dependent word. Salah satu dari dependent word adalah subordinating conjunction. Dan dependent clauses yang diawali subordinating conjunctions biasa disebut adverbial clauses dan berlaku seperti halnya adverbs. Perhatikan contoh berikut (yang bergaris bawah adalah subordinating conjunction):
Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind.
(Adverbial clause wherever she goes menerangkan the verba leaves.)
Bob enjoyed the movie more than I did.
(Adverbial clause than I did menerangkan adverbia more.)
Dependent word lainnya adalah relative pronoun. Dependent clauses yang diawali relative pronouns dikenal sebagai adjective clauses yang berlaku seperti adjektiva, atau noun clauses yang berlaku sebagai nomina. Perhatikan contoh berikut di bawah ini (yang bergaris bawah adalah relative pronoun):
The only one of the seven dwarfs who does not have a beard is Dopey.
(Adjective clause who does not have a beard menerangkan nomina one.)
No one understands why experience is something you don't get until just after you need it.
(Noun clause why experience is something you don't get until just after you need it berfungsi sebagai direct object.)
Jadi, ada tiga jenis dependent clauses, yaitu noun clauses, adjective clauses, dan adverb clauses. Dan masing-masing klausa berbeda penggunaannya dalam kalimat.
Noun clause dalam kalimat berperan sebagai subjek dari verba atau objek dari verba atau preposisi, seperti pada contoh berikut:
- What you say is not as important as how you say it.
- I imagine that they're having a good time.
- I keep thinking about what happened yesterday.
Adjective clause berfungsi menerangkan nomina atau frase nomina dan biasanya terletak sesudahnya.
- The woman I spoke to said otherwise.
- We have to consider the possibility that he's lying to us.
Adverb clause dipakai untuk menerangkan seluruh kalimat (main clause) dan dapat terletak di awal atau di akhir kalimat.
- When she gets here, all will be explained.
- He was annoyed by the whole thing, which was unfortunate, but unavoidable.
Noun clauses
Noun clauses atau klausa nomina adalah sekelompok kata yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri (dependent clauses) yang memiliki subjek dan predikat dan berfungsi seperti halnya nouns (nomina), yaitu bisa sebagai subject, object, atau complement. Noun clauses biasa diawali dengan subordinating conjunctions atau relative pronouns.
Sebagai subject
- That he could be mistaken didn't seem possible.
- What I want for dinner is a hamburger.
Sebagai object
- I noticed that the door was open.
- The host told us how he escaped.
Sebagai complement (subjective complement)
- The idea is that we take it in turns.
- The vacation is what I need most.
Dengan it (empty subject)
- It didn't seem possible that he could be mistaken.
- It was a year ago today that I started working here.
Setelah preposition
- We had a discussion about who should be invited.
- Give it to whoever arrives first.
Setelah adjective
- I was ashamed that I'd let my friends down.
- She was sorry that she'd lost her temper.
Setelah noun
- You can't deny the fact that you received the message.
- The police have information that he may now be living in Hongkong.
Beberapa kata kerja (verbs) yang biasa digunakan dalam klausa nomina (noun clauses) adalah: answer, ask, assume, believe, decide, expect, forget, hear, hope, imagine, know, learn, recognize, remember, remind, reply, say, see, seem, suppose, tell, think, understand.
Contoh:
- I hope that you arrived safely.
- No one believes that the earth is flat.
- I know where his house is.
- I remember when he was very young.
- I was reminded how lucky I was.
- The facts tell us that this is not true.
- He replied that this was absolutely impossible.
Sebagai subject
- That he could be mistaken didn't seem possible.
- What I want for dinner is a hamburger.
Sebagai object
- I noticed that the door was open.
- The host told us how he escaped.
Sebagai complement (subjective complement)
- The idea is that we take it in turns.
- The vacation is what I need most.
Dengan it (empty subject)
- It didn't seem possible that he could be mistaken.
- It was a year ago today that I started working here.
Setelah preposition
- We had a discussion about who should be invited.
- Give it to whoever arrives first.
Setelah adjective
- I was ashamed that I'd let my friends down.
- She was sorry that she'd lost her temper.
Setelah noun
- You can't deny the fact that you received the message.
- The police have information that he may now be living in Hongkong.
Beberapa kata kerja (verbs) yang biasa digunakan dalam klausa nomina (noun clauses) adalah: answer, ask, assume, believe, decide, expect, forget, hear, hope, imagine, know, learn, recognize, remember, remind, reply, say, see, seem, suppose, tell, think, understand.
Contoh:
- I hope that you arrived safely.
- No one believes that the earth is flat.
- I know where his house is.
- I remember when he was very young.
- I was reminded how lucky I was.
- The facts tell us that this is not true.
- He replied that this was absolutely impossible.
Adverbs
Adverb atau kata keterangan (adverbia) adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan lainnya (another adverb). Di samping tiga fungsi utama tersebut, adverbia mempunyai fungsi lain yaitu menerangkan keseluruhan kalimat dan frase preposisi.
Adverbia digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti “When?” “Where?” “How?” atau “To what extent?”
When? left yesterday, begin now
Where? fell below, move up
How? happily sang, danced badly
To what extent? partly finished, eat completely
Beberapa adverbia yang sering digunakan: afterward, almost, already, also, always, back, even, far, fast, hard, here, how, late, long, low, more, near, never, next, now, often, quick, quite, rather, slow, so, soon, still, then, today, tomorrow, too, very, well, when, where, yesterday.
Adverbia juga mempunyai banyak kata berakhiran –ly yang dibentuk dari adjektiva, misalnya: quick menjadi quickly, careful menjadi carefully, accurate menjadi accurately, dan sebagainya (tetapi bukan berarti kata yang berakhiran –ly adalah adverbia). Jadi, kita dapat dengan mudah membedakan antara adverbia dengan adjektiva. Contoh kata lainnya yang berakhiran –ly: softly, suddenly, strongly, honestly, interestingly, etc.
Contoh penggunaan adverbia dalam kalimat:
1. adverbia yang menjelaskan verba:
- The boy runs quickly.
verb adv.
2. adverbia yang menjelaskan adjektiva:
- He looks absolutely fabulous.
adv. adj.
3. adverbia yang menjelaskan adverbia lainnya:
- She sings so slowly.
adv. adv.
Adverbia digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti “When?” “Where?” “How?” atau “To what extent?”
When? left yesterday, begin now
Where? fell below, move up
How? happily sang, danced badly
To what extent? partly finished, eat completely
Beberapa adverbia yang sering digunakan: afterward, almost, already, also, always, back, even, far, fast, hard, here, how, late, long, low, more, near, never, next, now, often, quick, quite, rather, slow, so, soon, still, then, today, tomorrow, too, very, well, when, where, yesterday.
Adverbia juga mempunyai banyak kata berakhiran –ly yang dibentuk dari adjektiva, misalnya: quick menjadi quickly, careful menjadi carefully, accurate menjadi accurately, dan sebagainya (tetapi bukan berarti kata yang berakhiran –ly adalah adverbia). Jadi, kita dapat dengan mudah membedakan antara adverbia dengan adjektiva. Contoh kata lainnya yang berakhiran –ly: softly, suddenly, strongly, honestly, interestingly, etc.
Contoh penggunaan adverbia dalam kalimat:
1. adverbia yang menjelaskan verba:
- The boy runs quickly.
verb adv.
2. adverbia yang menjelaskan adjektiva:
- He looks absolutely fabulous.
adv. adj.
3. adverbia yang menjelaskan adverbia lainnya:
- She sings so slowly.
adv. adv.
Interrogative Adverbs
Interrogative adverbs adalah adverbia yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan dengan menggunakan kata tanya: why, where, how, when. Interrogative adverbs biasa diletakkan di depan kalimat pertanyaan.
Contoh:
- Why are you crying?
- Why should I leave?
- Why do we have to take all these tests?
- Where is my book?
- Where are you going?
- Where did you meet him?
- How are you?
- How do you manage to keep the place so tidy?
- How can I help you?
- When is the press conference?
- When will the work be finished?
- When did you last see her?
Untuk kata tanya how, dapat digunakan dalam empat cara:
1. menanyakan cara, proses, atau terjadinya suatu tindakan atau kejadian:
How did you make this sauce?
How do you start the engine?
2. dengan adjektiva:
How tall are you?
How old is your father?
3. dengan much and many:
How much are these tomatoes?
How many people are coming to the festival?
4. dengan adverbia lain:
How quickly can you read this?
How often do you go to Bali?
Contoh:
- Why are you crying?
- Why should I leave?
- Why do we have to take all these tests?
- Where is my book?
- Where are you going?
- Where did you meet him?
- How are you?
- How do you manage to keep the place so tidy?
- How can I help you?
- When is the press conference?
- When will the work be finished?
- When did you last see her?
Untuk kata tanya how, dapat digunakan dalam empat cara:
1. menanyakan cara, proses, atau terjadinya suatu tindakan atau kejadian:
How did you make this sauce?
How do you start the engine?
2. dengan adjektiva:
How tall are you?
How old is your father?
3. dengan much and many:
How much are these tomatoes?
How many people are coming to the festival?
4. dengan adverbia lain:
How quickly can you read this?
How often do you go to Bali?
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time digunakan untuk menunjukkan kapan (when), seberapa lama (how long) dan seberapa sering (how often) suatu peristiwa terjadi.
when: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
how often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
Adverbia when biasanya diletakkan di akhir kalimat, contoh:
- Mark went to the John’s house yesterday.
- I’m going to tidy my room tomorrow.
Tetapi, adverbia when juga dapat diletakkan di posisi yang lain dalam kalimat untuk memberikan intensitas atau penekanan makna yang berbeda, contohnya:
- Later Mark ate some porridge. (penekanan pada waktu diutamakan)
- Mark later ate some porridge. (bersifat formal seperti halnya sebuah laporan)
- Mark ate some porridge later. (penempatan yang umum digunakan, tidak ada penekanan makna tertentu)
Adverbia how long umumnya diletakkan di akhir kalimat, contoh:
- He stayed in the John’s house all day.
- My father lived in Australia for a year.
Perhatikan, for selalu diikuti oleh ungkapan yang menunjukkan jangka waktu (duration) tertentu, misalnya: for three days, for a week, for several years, for two centuries.
Sedangkan since selalu diikuti oleh ungkapan yang menunjukkan waktu tertentu, misalnya: since Monday, since 1997, since the last war.
Adverbia how often digunakan untuk menyatakan seberapa sering suatu peristiwa dilakukan. Adverbia ini diletakkan sebelum verba utama (main verbs) atau setelah kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verbs) seperti be, have, may, must, etc. Contoh:
- I often eat vegetarian food. (sebelum verba utama)
- He never drinks milk. (sebelum verba utama)
- You must always fasten your seat belt. (setelah kata kerja bantu must)
Adverbia how often lainnya mengungkapkan waktu yang lebih terperinci untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian dan biasanya diletakkan di akhir kalimat, contoh:
- This magazine is published monthly.
- He visits his mother once a week.
Beberapa adverbia how often diletakkan di akhir kalimat untuk memberikan makna yang lebih kuat.
Bandingkan dua contoh berikut:
- She regularly visits France.
- She visits France regularly.
Kata keterangan atau adverbia yang dapat diletakkan pada dua posisi tersebut adalah: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly, sometimes, usually.
when: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
how often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
Adverbia when biasanya diletakkan di akhir kalimat, contoh:
- Mark went to the John’s house yesterday.
- I’m going to tidy my room tomorrow.
Tetapi, adverbia when juga dapat diletakkan di posisi yang lain dalam kalimat untuk memberikan intensitas atau penekanan makna yang berbeda, contohnya:
- Later Mark ate some porridge. (penekanan pada waktu diutamakan)
- Mark later ate some porridge. (bersifat formal seperti halnya sebuah laporan)
- Mark ate some porridge later. (penempatan yang umum digunakan, tidak ada penekanan makna tertentu)
Adverbia how long umumnya diletakkan di akhir kalimat, contoh:
- He stayed in the John’s house all day.
- My father lived in Australia for a year.
Perhatikan, for selalu diikuti oleh ungkapan yang menunjukkan jangka waktu (duration) tertentu, misalnya: for three days, for a week, for several years, for two centuries.
Sedangkan since selalu diikuti oleh ungkapan yang menunjukkan waktu tertentu, misalnya: since Monday, since 1997, since the last war.
Adverbia how often digunakan untuk menyatakan seberapa sering suatu peristiwa dilakukan. Adverbia ini diletakkan sebelum verba utama (main verbs) atau setelah kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verbs) seperti be, have, may, must, etc. Contoh:
- I often eat vegetarian food. (sebelum verba utama)
- He never drinks milk. (sebelum verba utama)
- You must always fasten your seat belt. (setelah kata kerja bantu must)
Adverbia how often lainnya mengungkapkan waktu yang lebih terperinci untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian dan biasanya diletakkan di akhir kalimat, contoh:
- This magazine is published monthly.
- He visits his mother once a week.
Beberapa adverbia how often diletakkan di akhir kalimat untuk memberikan makna yang lebih kuat.
Bandingkan dua contoh berikut:
- She regularly visits France.
- She visits France regularly.
Kata keterangan atau adverbia yang dapat diletakkan pada dua posisi tersebut adalah: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly, sometimes, usually.
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tempat atau arah dimana suatu kejadian terjadi. Dalam kalimat dapat diletakkan setelah verba utama (main verb) atau setelah objek.
Contoh adverbs of place setelah verba utama (after the main verb):
- I looked everywhere.
- John looked away, up, down, around...
- I'm going home, out, back...
- Come in.
Contoh adverbs of place setelah objek (after the object):
- They built a house nearby.
- She took the child outside.
Beberapa adverbs of place juga mempunyai fungsi sebagai prepositions, misalnya: about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, over, round, through, under, up.
Selain itu, adverbs of place juga memiliki kata yang berakhiran –wards yang menunjukkan suatu pergerakan ke arah tertentu, misalnya: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.
Contoh:
- I lost my balance and fell backwards.
- The ship turned westwards, away from the coast.
Hati-hati dengan kata towards, meskipun berakhiran –wards, towards bukanlah adverbs of place, melainkan sebuah preposition yang selalu diikuti oleh noun atau pronoun.
- He walked towards the car.
- She ran towards me.
Beberapa adverbs of place menunjukkan pergerakan sekaligus tempat/lokasi, misalnya: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.
Contoh:
- The child went indoors.
- He lived and worked abroad.
- The ceremony was being held outdoors.
- Chris is going to work overseas.
- The road twists uphill.
Contoh adverbs of place setelah verba utama (after the main verb):
- I looked everywhere.
- John looked away, up, down, around...
- I'm going home, out, back...
- Come in.
Contoh adverbs of place setelah objek (after the object):
- They built a house nearby.
- She took the child outside.
Beberapa adverbs of place juga mempunyai fungsi sebagai prepositions, misalnya: about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, over, round, through, under, up.
Selain itu, adverbs of place juga memiliki kata yang berakhiran –wards yang menunjukkan suatu pergerakan ke arah tertentu, misalnya: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.
Contoh:
- I lost my balance and fell backwards.
- The ship turned westwards, away from the coast.
Hati-hati dengan kata towards, meskipun berakhiran –wards, towards bukanlah adverbs of place, melainkan sebuah preposition yang selalu diikuti oleh noun atau pronoun.
- He walked towards the car.
- She ran towards me.
Beberapa adverbs of place menunjukkan pergerakan sekaligus tempat/lokasi, misalnya: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.
Contoh:
- The child went indoors.
- He lived and worked abroad.
- The ceremony was being held outdoors.
- Chris is going to work overseas.
- The road twists uphill.
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner adalah adverbia yang menerangkan tentang cara atau bagaimana sesuatu terjadi. Umumnya adverbs of manner terletak setelah main verb atau setelah objek.
Contoh:
- He speaks English well.
- He ran quickly.
- She spoke softly.
- John coughed loudly to attract her attention.
- She plays the flute beautifully.
- He grabbed the bottle and drank greedily.
- I must study hard.
- He drives the car slowly.
- She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Sebaiknya tidak meletakkan adverbia di antara verba dan objek:
- He ate greedily the chocolate cake. (salah)
- He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (benar)
Jika ada preposisi sebelum objek, misalnya: at, towards, etc., kita dapat meletakkan adverbia sebelum preposisi atau setelah objek.
- The child ran happily towards his mother.
- The child ran towards his mother happily.
Adakalanya adverbs of manner diletakkan sebelum verba dan objek untuk memberi penekanan pada adverbia tersebut:
- He gently woke the sleeping woman.
Adverbs of manner juga dapat diletakkan di awal kalimat untuk menarik perhatian dan rasa ingin tahu pembaca:
- Slowly she picked up the knife.
(Kata slowly di atas membuat kita ingin tahu apa yang terjadi, siapa yang melakukan itu, dan mengapa harus dilakukan dengan perlahan (slowly))
Sebaiknya, adverbia ini selalu diletakkan sesudah intransitive verbs (verba yang tidak memerlukan objek).
Contoh:
- The town grew quickly
- He waited patiently
Begitu juga dengan adverbia pada umumnya yang hampir selalu diletakkan setelah verba, misalnya: well, badly, hard, fast, etc.
Letak adverbia sangat penting ketika dalam sebuah kalimat ada lebih dari satu verba. Jika terletak setelah klause, maka adverbia itu akan menerangkan seluruh tindakan atau kejadian yang digambarkan pada klausa tersebut.
Perhatikan perbedaan arti diantara kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini:
- She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (=quickly menerangkan verba agreed)
- She agreed to re-type the letter quickly (=quickly menerangkan verba to re-type)
- He quietly asked me to leave the house (=quietly menerangkan verba asked)
- He asked me to leave the house quietly (=quietly menerangkan verba to leave)
Contoh:
- He speaks English well.
- He ran quickly.
- She spoke softly.
- John coughed loudly to attract her attention.
- She plays the flute beautifully.
- He grabbed the bottle and drank greedily.
- I must study hard.
- He drives the car slowly.
- She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Sebaiknya tidak meletakkan adverbia di antara verba dan objek:
- He ate greedily the chocolate cake. (salah)
- He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (benar)
Jika ada preposisi sebelum objek, misalnya: at, towards, etc., kita dapat meletakkan adverbia sebelum preposisi atau setelah objek.
- The child ran happily towards his mother.
- The child ran towards his mother happily.
Adakalanya adverbs of manner diletakkan sebelum verba dan objek untuk memberi penekanan pada adverbia tersebut:
- He gently woke the sleeping woman.
Adverbs of manner juga dapat diletakkan di awal kalimat untuk menarik perhatian dan rasa ingin tahu pembaca:
- Slowly she picked up the knife.
(Kata slowly di atas membuat kita ingin tahu apa yang terjadi, siapa yang melakukan itu, dan mengapa harus dilakukan dengan perlahan (slowly))
Sebaiknya, adverbia ini selalu diletakkan sesudah intransitive verbs (verba yang tidak memerlukan objek).
Contoh:
- The town grew quickly
- He waited patiently
Begitu juga dengan adverbia pada umumnya yang hampir selalu diletakkan setelah verba, misalnya: well, badly, hard, fast, etc.
Letak adverbia sangat penting ketika dalam sebuah kalimat ada lebih dari satu verba. Jika terletak setelah klause, maka adverbia itu akan menerangkan seluruh tindakan atau kejadian yang digambarkan pada klausa tersebut.
Perhatikan perbedaan arti diantara kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini:
- She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (=quickly menerangkan verba agreed)
- She agreed to re-type the letter quickly (=quickly menerangkan verba to re-type)
- He quietly asked me to leave the house (=quietly menerangkan verba asked)
- He asked me to leave the house quietly (=quietly menerangkan verba to leave)
Adverbs of Intensity
Adverbs of intensity adalah adverbia yang digunakan untuk memberi tekanan arti, memperjelas, atau memantapkan suatu kata (verba, adjektiva, adverbia) dalam kalimat.
Berikut adalah adverbia yang sering dipakai untuk menyatakan intensitas:
absolutely, very, too, quite, somewhat, rather, extremely, fairly, more, so, well, pretty, almost, entirely, heartily, literally, for sure, nearly, partially, really, wholly, completely, especially, even, exactly, just, merely, not, only, purely, simply, solely, almost, all but, kind of, sort of, mildly, to some extent.
Contoh:
- This cake is absolutely delicious.
- I was somewhat surprised to see her.
- He looks rather like his father.
- Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict.
- We will have to leave fairly soon.
- The game was pretty good.
- That is an entirely different matter.
- I heartily agree with her on this.
- There are literally hundreds of prizes to win.
- It is going to be a good day for sure.
- The rooms are simply furnished.
- The school is all but ruined by the storm.
- She was mildly interested.
- He is kind of shy.
Ada juga adverbia yang digunakan untuk memperjelas dengan maksud memberikan contoh atau persamaan suatu benda, misalnya: namely, e.g., for example, as, i.e.
Contoh:
- Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia.
- Citrus fruits, e.g. oranges and grapefruit.
- There is a similar word in many languages, for example in French and Italian.
- You can use that glass as a vase.
- The basic essentials of life, i.e. housing, food and water.
Berikut adalah adverbia yang sering dipakai untuk menyatakan intensitas:
absolutely, very, too, quite, somewhat, rather, extremely, fairly, more, so, well, pretty, almost, entirely, heartily, literally, for sure, nearly, partially, really, wholly, completely, especially, even, exactly, just, merely, not, only, purely, simply, solely, almost, all but, kind of, sort of, mildly, to some extent.
Contoh:
- This cake is absolutely delicious.
- I was somewhat surprised to see her.
- He looks rather like his father.
- Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict.
- We will have to leave fairly soon.
- The game was pretty good.
- That is an entirely different matter.
- I heartily agree with her on this.
- There are literally hundreds of prizes to win.
- It is going to be a good day for sure.
- The rooms are simply furnished.
- The school is all but ruined by the storm.
- She was mildly interested.
- He is kind of shy.
Ada juga adverbia yang digunakan untuk memperjelas dengan maksud memberikan contoh atau persamaan suatu benda, misalnya: namely, e.g., for example, as, i.e.
Contoh:
- Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia.
- Citrus fruits, e.g. oranges and grapefruit.
- There is a similar word in many languages, for example in French and Italian.
- You can use that glass as a vase.
- The basic essentials of life, i.e. housing, food and water.
Adverbs of Certainty
Adverbs of certainty adalah adverbia yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan (perasaan) kepastian mengenai suatu tindakan atau kejadian.
Kata-kata yang biasa dipakai untuk adverbs of certainty adalah: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely.
Dalam kalimat, adverbs of certainty dapat diletakkan sebelum verba utama (main verb) atau setelah to be, dan antara kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dan verba utama.
Adverbs of certainty yang diletakkan sebelum verba utama atau setelah to be:
- He definitely left the house this morning.
- He is probably in the park.
Adverbs of certainty yang diletakkan antara kata kerja bantu dan verba utama:
- He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
- He will probably remember tomorrow.
Adverbs of certainty juga dapat diletakkan di awal kalimat:
- Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
Untuk penggunaan surely, jika ditempatkan di awal kalimat berarti bahwa kita berpikir bahwa yang kita bicarakan itu benar, tetapi masih memerlukan konfirmasi akan apa yang kita bicarakan itu, misalnya: Surely you’ve got a car?
Kata-kata yang biasa dipakai untuk adverbs of certainty adalah: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely.
Dalam kalimat, adverbs of certainty dapat diletakkan sebelum verba utama (main verb) atau setelah to be, dan antara kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dan verba utama.
Adverbs of certainty yang diletakkan sebelum verba utama atau setelah to be:
- He definitely left the house this morning.
- He is probably in the park.
Adverbs of certainty yang diletakkan antara kata kerja bantu dan verba utama:
- He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
- He will probably remember tomorrow.
Adverbs of certainty juga dapat diletakkan di awal kalimat:
- Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
Untuk penggunaan surely, jika ditempatkan di awal kalimat berarti bahwa kita berpikir bahwa yang kita bicarakan itu benar, tetapi masih memerlukan konfirmasi akan apa yang kita bicarakan itu, misalnya: Surely you’ve got a car?
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency digunakan untuk menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Adverbia ini menjawab pertanyaan “How often” atau “How frequently” dari suatu kegiatan atau kejadian.
Adverbia yang biasa digunakan adalah: always, frequently, hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually.
Adverbs of frequency umumnya diletakkan sebelum main verb atau sesudah to be, contoh:
- We usually go by car.
- She often works at the weekend.
- There is always some pollution in the air.
- Limestone was frequently used as a building material.
- She hardly ever calls me.
- I sometimes have to work late.
- If something rarely happens, it does not happen very often.
- They seldom watch television these days.
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently dan usually bisa juga diletakkan di awal atau di akhir kalimat:
- Sometimes I think she likes me.
- I play badminton occasionally.
- I see her quite often.
Dan pada akhir kalimat kadang-kadang disertai dengan adverbia lain seperti very dan quite.
Rarely and seldom juga dapat diletakkan diakhir kalimat (sering juga disertai very):
- We see them rarely.
- He drinks coffee very seldom.
Berikut di bawah ini adalah urutan adverbs of frequency:
| 100% | always |
| usually | |
| frequently | |
| often | |
| 50% | sometimes |
| occasionally | |
| rarely | |
| seldom | |
| hardly ever | |
| 0% | never |
Relative Adverbs
Relative adverbs adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat atau klausa. Kata hubung yang digunakan adalah: where, when, dan why.
Contoh:
- That’s the restaurant where we met for the first time.
- I remember the day when we first met.
- There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
- Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
- This is the place where the accident happened.
- Do you remember the day when we moved the piano upstairs?
- The reason why Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
When dan why dapat digantikan oleh that atau tidak digunakan sama sekali dalam kalimat.
- Do you remember the day that we moved the piano upstairs?
- The reason that Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
- Do you remember the day we moved the piano upstairs?
- The reason Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
Where dan when juga dapat digunakan bersama kalimat tambahan untuk memperjelas kalimat sebelumnya.
- We went to the Riverside Restaurant, where I once had lunch with Henry.
- Mark likes to travel at night, when the roads are quiet.
Contoh:
- That’s the restaurant where we met for the first time.
- I remember the day when we first met.
- There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
- Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
- This is the place where the accident happened.
- Do you remember the day when we moved the piano upstairs?
- The reason why Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
When dan why dapat digantikan oleh that atau tidak digunakan sama sekali dalam kalimat.
- Do you remember the day that we moved the piano upstairs?
- The reason that Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
- Do you remember the day we moved the piano upstairs?
- The reason Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
Where dan when juga dapat digunakan bersama kalimat tambahan untuk memperjelas kalimat sebelumnya.
- We went to the Riverside Restaurant, where I once had lunch with Henry.
- Mark likes to travel at night, when the roads are quiet.
Adverbs of Purpose
Adverbs of purpose adalah adverbia yang umumnya digunakan di akhir kalimat untuk menerangkan maksud atau tujuan suatu tindakan yang dilakukan. Adverbia ini biasa menggunakan konstruksi to + verb.
Contoh:
- She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
- She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
- Beth swims in the pool every morning to keep in shape.
- Dad walks impatiently into town before supper to get a newspaper.
Contoh:
- She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
- She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
- Beth swims in the pool every morning to keep in shape.
- Dad walks impatiently into town before supper to get a newspaper.
Adverb Endings
Pada bahasan pengenalan adverbia telah disebutkan bahwa akhiran –ly yang ditambahkan pada adjektiva akan menjadi adverbia atau kata keterangan, misalnya kata cheaply, quickly, slowly berasal dari adjektiva: cheap, quick, slow.
Beberapa aturan tambahan mengenai penambahan akhiran “-ly” pada adjektiva:
Jika adjektiva berakhiran “-y”, ganti dengan “-i” dan tambahkan “-ly”:
- easy --> easily
- angry --> angrily
- happy --> happily
- lucky -->luckily
Jika adjektiva berakhiran “-able”, “-ible”, atau “-le”, ganti ”-e” dengan “-y”:
- probable --> probably
- terrible --> terribly
- gentle --> gently
Jika adjektiva berakhiran “-ic”, langsung ditambah “-ally”:
- basic --> basically
- economic --> economically
- tragic --> tragically
Catatan
Beberapa adverbia mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan adjektiva: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, wrong.
Kata well (adverb) mempunyai arti yang sama dengan good (adjective).
- He is a good student.
- He studies well.
Beberapa aturan tambahan mengenai penambahan akhiran “-ly” pada adjektiva:
Jika adjektiva berakhiran “-y”, ganti dengan “-i” dan tambahkan “-ly”:
- easy --> easily
- angry --> angrily
- happy --> happily
- lucky -->luckily
Jika adjektiva berakhiran “-able”, “-ible”, atau “-le”, ganti ”-e” dengan “-y”:
- probable --> probably
- terrible --> terribly
- gentle --> gently
Jika adjektiva berakhiran “-ic”, langsung ditambah “-ally”:
- basic --> basically
- economic --> economically
- tragic --> tragically
Catatan
Beberapa adverbia mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan adjektiva: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, wrong.
Kata well (adverb) mempunyai arti yang sama dengan good (adjective).
- He is a good student.
- He studies well.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs (adverbial conjunctions) adalah kata keterangan/adverbia yang digunakan sebagai konjungsi atau penghubung dua klausa (independent clauses). Konjungsi ini berperan sebagai peralihan dan relasi antara satu pokok pikiran dengan pokok pikiran yang lain. Kata penghubung yang biasa digunakan adalah accordingly, afterwards, again, also, besides, consequently, finally, for example, furthermore, hence, however, indeed, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, similarly, so, still, then, therefore, thus.
Contoh:
- There are no buses, so you’ll have to walk.
- If you are sure, then I must believe you.
- You’ll have to go now; otherwise you’ll get cold.
- She is my neighbor; she is also my best friend.
- She had a fever; consequently, she stayed at home.
- I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
- We knew what to expect. Therefore, we were not surprised at what happened.
Conjunctive adverbs sebagai conjunctions sama-sama berfungsi menghubungkan klausa. Meskipun begitu, dalam penggunaannya conjunctive adverbs berbeda dengan conjunctions. Berikut perbedaannya dalam stress and punctuation dan connecting sentences.
Stress and punctuation
Dalam kalimat, conjunctive adverbs biasanya lebih mempunyai tekanan dalam peralihan antar kalimat. Sehingga dalam penulisannya, umumnya dipisahkan dengan tanda koma dengan kalimat sesudahnya. Sedangkan conjunctions biasanya tidak dipisahkan dengan tanda baca tersebut.
Tambahan lagi, dalam penulisan formal, sebuah klausa yang memakai conjunctive adverbs sering menggunakan tanda titik koma (;) untuk memisahkan antara klausa yang pertama dengan yang berikutnya.
Contoh:
- I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
- I wanted to study, but I was too tired.
Pada kalimat pertama, however (conjunctive adverb) didahului oleh titik koma, dan dipisahkan oleh tanda koma sebelum kalimat I was too tired. Pada contoh yang kedua, but (conjunction) didahului tanda koma (bukan titik koma) dan tidak dipisahkan oleh tanda koma sebelum kalimat I was too tired.
Perlu diperhatikan, jika dua klausa dihubungkan tanpa kata hubung (conjunctions) maka harus dipisahkan dengan tanda titik koma. Contoh:
- The clouds dispersed; the moon rose.
Connecting adverbs used to connect sentences
Tidak seperti conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs digunakan untuk menunjukkan relasi antar ide atau pokok pikiran dalam bentuk kalimat yang terpisah. Contoh:
- The wind was strong. Thus, I felt very cold.
Secara informal, coordinate conjunctions kadang-kadang juga memakai kalimat terpisah untuk menunjukkan relasi antar ide/pokok pikiran. Contoh:
- The wind was strong. And I felt very cold.
Meskipun begitu, menurut beberapa referensi, pemakaian coordinate conjunctions di atas secara gramatikal tidak disarankan, walaupun pemakaian and pada awal kalimat sekarang ini umum dipakai untuk menegaskan tambahan informasi lain pada kalimat sebelumnya.
Catatan
Beberapa conjunctive adverbs mempunyai persamaan arti dengan konjungsi and, but atau so.
1. Conjunctive adverbs and = also, besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover.
2. Conjunctive adverbs but = however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still.
3. Conjunctive adverbs so = accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus.
Contoh:
- There are no buses, so you’ll have to walk.
- If you are sure, then I must believe you.
- You’ll have to go now; otherwise you’ll get cold.
- She is my neighbor; she is also my best friend.
- She had a fever; consequently, she stayed at home.
- I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
- We knew what to expect. Therefore, we were not surprised at what happened.
Conjunctive adverbs sebagai conjunctions sama-sama berfungsi menghubungkan klausa. Meskipun begitu, dalam penggunaannya conjunctive adverbs berbeda dengan conjunctions. Berikut perbedaannya dalam stress and punctuation dan connecting sentences.
Stress and punctuation
Dalam kalimat, conjunctive adverbs biasanya lebih mempunyai tekanan dalam peralihan antar kalimat. Sehingga dalam penulisannya, umumnya dipisahkan dengan tanda koma dengan kalimat sesudahnya. Sedangkan conjunctions biasanya tidak dipisahkan dengan tanda baca tersebut.
Tambahan lagi, dalam penulisan formal, sebuah klausa yang memakai conjunctive adverbs sering menggunakan tanda titik koma (;) untuk memisahkan antara klausa yang pertama dengan yang berikutnya.
Contoh:
- I wanted to study; however, I was too tired.
- I wanted to study, but I was too tired.
Pada kalimat pertama, however (conjunctive adverb) didahului oleh titik koma, dan dipisahkan oleh tanda koma sebelum kalimat I was too tired. Pada contoh yang kedua, but (conjunction) didahului tanda koma (bukan titik koma) dan tidak dipisahkan oleh tanda koma sebelum kalimat I was too tired.
Perlu diperhatikan, jika dua klausa dihubungkan tanpa kata hubung (conjunctions) maka harus dipisahkan dengan tanda titik koma. Contoh:
- The clouds dispersed; the moon rose.
Connecting adverbs used to connect sentences
Tidak seperti conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs digunakan untuk menunjukkan relasi antar ide atau pokok pikiran dalam bentuk kalimat yang terpisah. Contoh:
- The wind was strong. Thus, I felt very cold.
Secara informal, coordinate conjunctions kadang-kadang juga memakai kalimat terpisah untuk menunjukkan relasi antar ide/pokok pikiran. Contoh:
- The wind was strong. And I felt very cold.
Meskipun begitu, menurut beberapa referensi, pemakaian coordinate conjunctions di atas secara gramatikal tidak disarankan, walaupun pemakaian and pada awal kalimat sekarang ini umum dipakai untuk menegaskan tambahan informasi lain pada kalimat sebelumnya.
Catatan
Beberapa conjunctive adverbs mempunyai persamaan arti dengan konjungsi and, but atau so.
1. Conjunctive adverbs and = also, besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover.
2. Conjunctive adverbs but = however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still.
3. Conjunctive adverbs so = accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus.
Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of degree atau adverbia tingkatan ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan intensitas atau tingkatan suatu tindakan (verb), sifat (adjective), atau kata keterangan lainnya (another adverb).
Adverbia yang biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkatan ini adalah: almost, nearly, bit, little, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, just, too, slightly, enough, absolutely, really, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
- Laura is a bit tired. She's been working all morning.
- Mark is quite tired. He's been working all day.
- Sarah is very tired. She's had to work late at the office.
Adverbs of degree di atas menunjukkan tingkatan dari rasa capek atau lelah (tired), apakah sedikit capek, cukup capek, atau sangat capek.
Letak adverbs of degree sebelum adjektiva atau adverbia lain:
- Rita looked rather upset. (sebelum adjektiva)
- This dress is absolutely marvellous. (sebelum adjektiva)
- We go on holiday fairly soon. (sebelum adjektiva)
- United played extremely well. (sebelum adverbia)
- This dress is absolutely marvellous. (sebelum adverbia)
Beberapa adverbs of degree menerangkan verba (diletakkan sebelum verba):
- My foot is really hurting.
- Laura quite enjoys shopping.
- I rather like this cake.
Beberapa adverbs of degree yang terletak diakhir kalimat yang menerangkan verba (a bit, a little, a lot, awfully, much, terribly). Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
- Mark travels a lot.
- I'll open the window a little.
- The animals suffer terribly.
Adverbia absolutely, completely dan totally bisa diletakkan di tengah atau di akhir kalimat:
- We completely lost our way.
- We lost our way completely.
- I'm afraid I totally disagree.
- I'm afraid I disagree totally.
Contoh lainnya lagi:
- We almost didn’t get there in time.
- I have nearly finished the words for your songs.
- It costs a bit more than I wanted to spend.
- I got paid a little bit of money.
- Both cars are fairly new.
- That performance was pretty impressive.
- He was just leaving when the phone rang.
- I don’t quite know what to do next.
-The walls were not white, but rather a short of dirty grey.
- It’s too late to do anything about it now.
- They will be slightly more expensive but they last a lot longer.
- I hadn’t trained enough for the game.
- It was absolutely pouring with rain.
- I was really fond of Ann.
- We hardly know each other.
- There was scarcely a tree left standing after the storm.
- Portuguese is pronounced completely differently from Spanish.
- At last he had his very own car.
- She found it extremely difficult to get a job.
Catatan
Seperti halnya adjektiva, adverbia juga mempunyai tingkatan perbandingan yang disebut comparative (–er/more) dan superlative (–est/most).
Adverbia yang biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkatan ini adalah: almost, nearly, bit, little, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, just, too, slightly, enough, absolutely, really, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
- Laura is a bit tired. She's been working all morning.
- Mark is quite tired. He's been working all day.
- Sarah is very tired. She's had to work late at the office.
Adverbs of degree di atas menunjukkan tingkatan dari rasa capek atau lelah (tired), apakah sedikit capek, cukup capek, atau sangat capek.
Letak adverbs of degree sebelum adjektiva atau adverbia lain:
- Rita looked rather upset. (sebelum adjektiva)
- This dress is absolutely marvellous. (sebelum adjektiva)
- We go on holiday fairly soon. (sebelum adjektiva)
- United played extremely well. (sebelum adverbia)
- This dress is absolutely marvellous. (sebelum adverbia)
Beberapa adverbs of degree menerangkan verba (diletakkan sebelum verba):
- My foot is really hurting.
- Laura quite enjoys shopping.
- I rather like this cake.
Beberapa adverbs of degree yang terletak diakhir kalimat yang menerangkan verba (a bit, a little, a lot, awfully, much, terribly). Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
- Mark travels a lot.
- I'll open the window a little.
- The animals suffer terribly.
Adverbia absolutely, completely dan totally bisa diletakkan di tengah atau di akhir kalimat:
- We completely lost our way.
- We lost our way completely.
- I'm afraid I totally disagree.
- I'm afraid I disagree totally.
Contoh lainnya lagi:
- We almost didn’t get there in time.
- I have nearly finished the words for your songs.
- It costs a bit more than I wanted to spend.
- I got paid a little bit of money.
- Both cars are fairly new.
- That performance was pretty impressive.
- He was just leaving when the phone rang.
- I don’t quite know what to do next.
-The walls were not white, but rather a short of dirty grey.
- It’s too late to do anything about it now.
- They will be slightly more expensive but they last a lot longer.
- I hadn’t trained enough for the game.
- It was absolutely pouring with rain.
- I was really fond of Ann.
- We hardly know each other.
- There was scarcely a tree left standing after the storm.
- Portuguese is pronounced completely differently from Spanish.
- At last he had his very own car.
- She found it extremely difficult to get a job.
Catatan
Seperti halnya adjektiva, adverbia juga mempunyai tingkatan perbandingan yang disebut comparative (–er/more) dan superlative (–est/most).
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs
Beberapa bentuk comparative dan superlative pada adverbia sama dengan adjektiva, misalnya: early, fast, hard, high, late, long, near. Keduanya juga menggunakan akhiran –er dan –est untuk membandingkan sesuatu.
Beberapa aturan pembentukan comparative dan superlative adverbs:
1. Tambahkan –er (comparative) dan –est (superlative) pada short adverbs:
- hard – harder - hardest
- late – later - latest
- fast – faster - fastest
Contoh:
- Jim works harder than his brother.
- Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
2. Gunakan more atau less (comparative) dan most atau least (superlative) pada adverbia yang berakhiran –ly.
- quietly - more quietly - most quietly
- slowly - more slowly - most slowly
- seriously - more seriously - most seriously
- confidently – less confidently – least confidently
- skillfully – less skillfully – least skillfully
Contoh:
- The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
- She worked less confidently after her accident.
- That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.
3. Beberapa adverbia mempunyai bentuk irregular:
- badly – worse - worst
- far - farther/further - farthest/furthest
- little – less - least
- well – better - best
Contoh:
- The little boy ran further than his friends.
- You’re driving worse today than yesterday!
Catatan
Dalam bahasa Inggris informal bentuk perbandingan cheaper, cheapest, louder, loudest, quicker, quickest, slower, slowest lebih sering digunakan daripada more cheaply, the most loudly, etc.
- Mary reacted the quickest.
- You should drive slower in fog.
Kadang-kadang most dapat berarti very yang tentu saja bukan merupakan bentuk perbandingan, contoh:
- We were most grateful for your help
- I am most impressed by this application.
Begitu juga sooner atau more often pada contoh berikut yang bukan sebagai perbandingan:
- Try to get home sooner. (=quickly)
- I must exercise more often. (=many times)
Beberapa aturan pembentukan comparative dan superlative adverbs:
1. Tambahkan –er (comparative) dan –est (superlative) pada short adverbs:
- hard – harder - hardest
- late – later - latest
- fast – faster - fastest
Contoh:
- Jim works harder than his brother.
- Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
2. Gunakan more atau less (comparative) dan most atau least (superlative) pada adverbia yang berakhiran –ly.
- quietly - more quietly - most quietly
- slowly - more slowly - most slowly
- seriously - more seriously - most seriously
- confidently – less confidently – least confidently
- skillfully – less skillfully – least skillfully
Contoh:
- The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
- She worked less confidently after her accident.
- That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.
3. Beberapa adverbia mempunyai bentuk irregular:
- badly – worse - worst
- far - farther/further - farthest/furthest
- little – less - least
- well – better - best
Contoh:
- The little boy ran further than his friends.
- You’re driving worse today than yesterday!
Catatan
Dalam bahasa Inggris informal bentuk perbandingan cheaper, cheapest, louder, loudest, quicker, quickest, slower, slowest lebih sering digunakan daripada more cheaply, the most loudly, etc.
- Mary reacted the quickest.
- You should drive slower in fog.
Kadang-kadang most dapat berarti very yang tentu saja bukan merupakan bentuk perbandingan, contoh:
- We were most grateful for your help
- I am most impressed by this application.
Begitu juga sooner atau more often pada contoh berikut yang bukan sebagai perbandingan:
- Try to get home sooner. (=quickly)
- I must exercise more often. (=many times)
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